A. Textbook Accounts

Wennerstrom, Mary. Anthology of Twentieth-Century Music. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1969.

Abraham, Gerald. The Concise Oxford History of Music, 824. London, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 1979.

Salzman, Eric. “Ives.” In 20th-century Music: An Introduction, 143-147. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1967.

Hansen, Peter S. “Music in the United States.” In An Introduction to 20th Century Music, 77-84. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 1961.

Hamm, Charles. “The Search for a National Identity.” In Music in the New World, 424-437. New York, NY: W.W. Norton, 1983.

Griffiths, Paul. A Concise History of Avant-Garde Music. New York, NY: Thames and Hudson, 1978.

Goldman, Richard. “American Music: 1918-1960.” In New Oxford History of Music, Vol. 10, 574-583. London, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 1974.

“Forefathers” Chapter — Gann, Kyle. American Music in the 20th Century. New York: Schirmer, 1997, 7-17 and passim.

Finney, Theodore M. A History of Music, 601-602. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace & Howe, 1935,

Austin, William W. Music in the 20th Century, 57-61. New York, NY: W.W. Norton, 1966.